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Measurements For Terrestrial Vegetation, 2Nd Edition
Charles D. Bonham (Autor)
·
Wiley - Blackwell
· Libro Físico
Measurements For Terrestrial Vegetation, 2Nd Edition - Charles D. Bonham
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Reseña del libro "Measurements For Terrestrial Vegetation, 2Nd Edition"
Preface Xi About The Companion Website Xiii 1 Introduction 1 1. 1 Historical Brief 2 1. 2 Units Of Measure 4 1. 3 Choice Of Method 6 1. 3. 1 Vegetation Characteristics 6 1. 3. 2 Biometrics And Econometrics 7 1. 4 Variation In Vegetation 8 1. 5 Observational Units 9 1. 6 Sampling 9 1. 7 Frequency 10 1. 8 Cover 11 1. 9 Density 12 1. 10 Biomass 13 1. 11 Measurements With Remote Sensing 14 1. 12 Monitoring And Evaluation 14 1. 13 Overview And Summary 15 1. 14 Bibliography 17 2 Sampling Units For Measurements 19 2. 1 Frequency 20 2. 2 Cover 20 2. 2. 1 Points 21 2. 2. 2 Point Frames 21 2. 2. 3 Point Line 22 2. 2. 4 Grid Quadrats 23 2. 2. 5 Line Intercept 24 2. 2. 6 Areas 24 2. 2. 7 Plotless Units 25 2. 3 Density 29 2. 3. 1 Plot Size 29 2. 3. 2 Shape Of Plots 29 2. 3. 3 Line Transects 30 2. 3. 4 Distance Methods 31 2. 4 Biomass 31 2. 4. 1 Plot Characteristics 32 2. 4. 2 Indirect Methods 34 2. 5 Tree Measurements 35 2. 5. 1 Tree Heights 35 2. 5. 2 Units Of Measure For Tree Diameters 37 2. 5. 3 Tree Crown Cover 40 2. 6 Bibliography 41 3 Statistical Concepts For Field Sampling 43 3. 1 Characterization Of Data 44 3. 1. 1 Measures Of Data Location 45 3. 1. 2 Measures Of Dispersion 48 3. 2 Principles Of Data Behavior 52 3. 2. 1 Patterns Of Data Commonly Observed 52 3. 2. 2 The Normal Distribution 53 3. 2. 3 Sample Statistics And The Normal Distribution 55 3. 2. 4 Confidence Limits 59 3. 3 Sample Size 59 3. 3. 1 When Available Budget Is Too Small 62 3. 3. 2 Sample Size For Non - Normal Data 63 3. 4 Data Distributions 63 3. 4. 1 Bernoulli Data Distribution 64 3. 4. 2 Geometric Data Distribution 67 3. 4. 3 Pascal Data Distribution 67 3. 4. 4 Negative Binomial Data Distribution 68 3. 4. 5 Binomial Data Distribution 69 3. 4. 6 Poisson Data Distribution 71 3. 5 Bibliography 73 4 Spatial Sampling Designs For Measurements 75 4. 1 Simple Random Sampling 77 4. 2 Cluster And Systematic Sampling 78 4. 3 Two - Stage Sampling Design 80 4. 4 A Role For Satellite Imagery 81 4. 4. 1 Sampling Units 83 4. 4. 2 Spatial Sampling 85 4. 4. 3 Studies Of Large Areas 86 4. 5 On - Ground Large - Scale Spatial Analyses 89 4. 6 Bibliography 95 5 Frequency 99 5. 1 Brief History And Definition 99 5. 2 Estimates Of Frequency 101 5. 2. 1 Influences Of Size And Shape Of The Plot 103 5. 2. 2 Requirements For Valid Comparisons 104 5. 3 Minimal Area And Frequency 104 5. 4 Plot Size Considerations 105 5. 5 Applications For Frequency Data 112 5. 5. 1 Prediction And Monitoring 112 5. 6 Considerations 114 5. 7 Bibliography 115 6 Cover 117 6. 1 Basal Area Techniques 118 6. 1. 1 Diameter Rule 119 6. 2 Intercept Techniques 120 6. 2. 1 Point Intercept 120 6. 2. 2 Grid - Quadrat Frame 121 6. 2. 3 Vertical Point Frame 123 6. 2. 4 Horizontal Point Frame 123 6. 2. 5 Single Points 125 6. 3 Line - Intercept Methods 130 6. 4 Crown Diameter And Canopy Closure Method 138 6. 5 Variable Plot Methods 139 6. 6 Semi - Quantitative Methods 141 6. 7 Bibliography 148 7 Density 153 7. 1 Related Measurements 153 7. 1. 1 Frequency 153 7. 1. 2 Abundance 154 7. 2 Limitations Of The Density Estimate 155 7. 3 Quadrat Techniques 156 7. 3. 1 Distribution 156 7. 3. 2 Quadrat Size And Shape 158 7. 3. 3 Strip Or Rectangular Quadrats 160 7. 3. 4 Considerations 161 7. 4 Distance Methods 161 7. 4. 1 Random Populations 163 7. 4. 2 Distance Methods For Random And Non - Random Populations 166 7. 5 Line Transect 169 7. 6 Comments 171 7. 7 Bibliography 172 8 Biomass 175 8. 1 Herbaceous Biomass 175 8. 1. 1 Harvesting 175 8. 1. 2 Measurement Of Biomass 176 8. 1. 3 Non - Destructive Methods 179 8. 1. 4 Productivity 185 8. 1. 5 Considerations Of Herbaceous Biomass Sampling 186 8. 2 Shrub Biomass 189 8. 2. 1 Non - Destructive Methods Of Shrub Biomass 189 8. 2. 2 Considerations Of Shrub Biomass Sampling 200 8. 3 Forest Biomass 201 8. 3. 1 Regression Models Of Biomass Estimation 202 8. 3. 2 Bark Biomass 203 8. 4 Tree Foliage Biomass 204 8. 5 Considerations For Tree Biomass Sampling 207 8. 5. 1 Annual Production Of Tree Foliage 207 8. 5. 2 Production Of Tree Biomass 208 8. 6 Selection Of Sampling Units For Tree Biomass 209 8. 6. 1 Sampling Procedures 210 8. 7 Bibliography 212 9 Monitoring And Evaluation 217 9. 1 Mapping Units 218 9. 1. 1 Conventional Mapping 219 9. 1. 2 Satellite Imagery Mapping 219 9. 1. 3 Naming Vegetation Units 220 9. 1. 4 Describing Vegetation Units 221 9. 2 Basic Considerations 221 9. 3 Sampling And Monitoring Vegetation 223 9. 3. 1 Individual Plant Approach 224 9. 3. 2 Multispecies Approach 225 9. 4 Selection Of A Monitoring Procedure 225 9. 4. 1 Vegetation Measurements 225 9. 4. 2 Spectral Imagery Techniques 226 9. 4. 3 Weight Estimate Methods 226 9. 5 Models Versus Measurements For Monitoring 227 9. 6 Case Studies For Remote Sensing 228 9. 7 Plant Species Evaluations 231 9. 7. 1 Plant Association 231 9. 7. 2 Diversity Indices 233 9. 8 Bibliography 234 Appendix Unit Conversion Tables 237 Index 239
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